一、電動汽車充電裝置簡(jian)介(jie)

        電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)目(mu)前分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁和電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)兩種，其中采用(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)導方(fang)式(shi)為具有車(che)載充電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)提供(gong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁；固定(ding)安裝在(zai)地(di)面，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，采用(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)導方(fang)式(shi)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)動(dong)力蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)裝置(zhi)稱(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)非車(che)載直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

        交流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的常見接口規格分(fen)為(wei)(wei)AC220V(10A/16A/32A)和(he)AC380V(64A)，輸出為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸出功(gong)率較(jiao)低(di)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)較(jiao)慢，計量單(dan)元(yuan)為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)，通常安(an)裝于居民(min)小區和(he)公共停車(che)場。而(er)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機分(fen)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)槍(qiang)(qiang)(30kW/60kW/120kW)和(he)雙槍(qiang)(qiang)(240kW)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)-電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通常為(wei)(wei)(750V/1000V)(80A/125A/200A/250A)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機中整流(liu)模塊(kuai)將(jiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出，輸出功(gong)率較(jiao)大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)較(jiao)快，其(qi)計量模塊(kuai)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)，安(an)裝方式(shi)也(ye)多用于集(ji)中建(jian)站，目(mu)前的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動公交車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通常采用這(zhe)種方式(shi)。

        從用(yong)戶充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程劃分(fen)，交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁與直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)基(ji)本過程大同小異，基(ji)本可以分(fen)為六個(ge)階段(duan)(duan):(1)物(wu)理連接(jie)階段(duan)(duan)；(2)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓輔助上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)(duan)；(3)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)握手(shou)；(4)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁參數配置；(5)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；(6)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)，計算充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)。

二(er)、交流(liu)充電樁與直流(liu)充電機的(de)計量(liang)

        電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)與(yu)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)直流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)均分為首次檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)、后續檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)和使用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)項目及(ji)要求(qiu):(1)外觀檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要為標志是(shi)(shi)否(fou)完全，字跡清晰程度(du)，是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有明顯(xian)破損，有沒有防止非授權人(ren)輸入數(shu)據(ju)或操(cao)作的(de)(de)措(cuo)施，顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)位(wei)數(shu)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合規定(ding)(ding)，基本功能是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正常。(2)絕緣電(dian)阻試驗是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)比較重要的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項，涉(she)及(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)使用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)安全等因(yin)素。(3)工作誤差(cha)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通常采用(yong)標準表法(fa)比較檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)裝置(zhi)與(yu)被(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)測定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)電(dian)能值(zhi)，以(yi)確定(ding)(ding)被(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)誤差(cha)。(4)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)示(shi)(shi)值(zhi)誤差(cha)時(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)與(yu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)同(tong)相電(dian)流(liu)(liu)線路串(chuan)聯，電(dian)壓線路并聯，施加最大負載運(yun)行一(yi)(yi)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間后，計算被(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)值(zhi)誤差(cha)。(5)付(fu)(fu)(fu)費(fei)金(jin)額(e)誤差(cha)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)分時(shi)(shi)段(duan)電(dian)量乘(cheng)以(yi)對應費(fei)率單價得到的(de)(de)應付(fu)(fu)(fu)金(jin)額(e)與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)付(fu)(fu)(fu)費(fei)金(jin)額(e)相比較，以(yi)確定(ding)(ding)金(jin)額(e)誤差(cha)。(6)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)與(yu)標準時(shi)(shi)鐘儀(yi)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)記(ji)錄其指示(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間，其差(cha)值(zhi)即為時(shi)(shi)鐘示(shi)(shi)值(zhi)誤差(cha)。

        其(qi)中(zhong)，檢(jian)定(ding)過(guo)程中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)工作誤差(cha)限中(zhong)，在最(zui)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)與最(zui)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)之間，功(gong)率因數(shu)取值(zhi)為1；而(er)溫(wen)度系數(shu)中(zhong)，功(gong)率因數(shu)的(de)取值(zhi)規定(ding)不小(xiao)于0.9；付費金額誤差(cha)與時鐘示值(zhi)誤差(cha)相互(hu)聯系；充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏差(cha)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)偏差(cha)與實際的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量有直(zhi)接關系；交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)必須(xu)帶有漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護功(gong)能；檢(jian)定(ding)合格的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)必須(xu)在其(qi)內部(bu)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能表或計量模塊(kuai)位置加以封印(yin)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)檢(jian)定(ding)周期(qi)通(tong)常為一年。

        從(cong)大方向來考慮，交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電樁與直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的檢定有諸多(duo)相(xiang)通之處，但充(chong)(chong)(chong)電樁在檢定和使用中都要注(zhu)意恒(heng)功(gong)率(lv)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)問題。如圖1所示，A、C區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)低電流情況，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電效率(lv)低，容易(yi)炸(zha)機(ji)；B區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)恒(heng)功(gong)率(lv)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)，適合檢定。

        東(dong)北(bei)處于高(gao)(gao)寒(han)地區,有(you)長達3個月以(yi)上的冬季,溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度范圍變化(hua)較大,低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)對電(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)(電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容、芯(xin)片(pian)等(deng))有(you)較高(gao)(gao)的要求(qiu)。電(dian)(dian)子元器件(jian)都有(you)其(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度系數，超(chao)出其(qi)(qi)工(gong)作溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度時(shi)，會(hui)產生漂移現象(xiang)，直接影(ying)(ying)響其(qi)(qi)準確度和使用壽(shou)命，甚(shen)至(zhi)會(hui)導致其(qi)(qi)無法正常工(gong)作。而且在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)情況下，電(dian)(dian)池的極化(hua)現象(xiang)凸顯，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降低(di)、放電(dian)(dian)不完全(quan)，都會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響其(qi)(qi)計(ji)量(liang)性能，在(zai)計(ji)量(liang)檢(jian)定的過(guo)程中要注意(yi)這些因素的影(ying)(ying)響。

        東(dong)北的公共交通設(she)施大部(bu)分為(wei)電(dian)動汽(qi)車，充電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)的是直(zhi)流方式(shi)(shi)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)計量手段分析其不同季(ji)節(jie)電(dian)能的利(li)用(yong)(yong)效率、電(dian)池使用(yong)(yong)過程中的能量密度以及其循環使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)，對公交部(bu)門(men)的能耗分析、成本控制有著重要的作用(yong)(yong)。