一(yi)、電動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電裝置簡介

        電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)目前(qian)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁和電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機兩種(zhong)，其(qi)中采用傳導(dao)方式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)具有車(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)提供(gong)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)專用供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁；固定安裝(zhuang)在地面，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)網交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)(wei)(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，采用傳導(dao)方式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)動力蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)專用裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)非車(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)(zai)直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

        交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的常(chang)見(jian)接口規格分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)AC220V(10A/16A/32A)和(he)AC380V(64A)，輸出為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸出功(gong)(gong)率較(jiao)低，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)較(jiao)慢，計(ji)量(liang)單(dan)元為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能表(biao)，通常(chang)安裝于居民(min)小區和(he)公共停車場。而直流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)槍(30kW/60kW/120kW)和(he)雙槍(240kW)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓-電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通常(chang)為(wei)(wei)(750V/1000V)(80A/125A/200A/250A)。直流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機中整流(liu)(liu)模塊將交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為(wei)(wei)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出，輸出功(gong)(gong)率較(jiao)大，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)較(jiao)快，其(qi)計(ji)量(liang)模塊為(wei)(wei)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)，安裝方式也多用(yong)于集中建(jian)站，目前的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動公交(jiao)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)這種方式。

        從用戶充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程劃分(fen)，交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁與(yu)直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)過程大同小異，基(ji)(ji)本(ben)可以分(fen)為六個(ge)階(jie)段:(1)物理連(lian)接階(jie)段；(2)低電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輔助上電(dian)(dian)階(jie)段；(3)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)握手；(4)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁參數配置(zhi)；(5)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)；(6)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)結束(shu)，計算(suan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)費用。

二、交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)與直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的(de)計量

        電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)均分為(wei)首次檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)、后續檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)和(he)使用(yong)(yong)中檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中常見(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)目及要求:(1)外觀檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查中主要為(wei)標(biao)志(zhi)是(shi)否(fou)完全(quan)，字跡清晰程度，是(shi)否(fou)有明顯破損(sun)，有沒有防止非授權人輸入數據(ju)或操作的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)位數是(shi)否(fou)符合(he)規定(ding)(ding)，基本功能(neng)是(shi)否(fou)正常。(2)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻試驗(yan)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中比較(jiao)重要的(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)(xiang)，涉及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)使用(yong)(yong)中是(shi)否(fou)安(an)全(quan)等因素(su)。(3)工(gong)作誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)中通常采用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準表法(fa)比較(jiao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)置與被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)測定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)值，以(yi)確定(ding)(ding)被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。(4)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)示(shi)(shi)(shi)值誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)與檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)同相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流線路串(chuan)聯，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線路并聯，施(shi)加最大負載運行一段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)后，計算被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)(shi)值誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。(5)付費金(jin)額(e)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)是(shi)以(yi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)分時(shi)(shi)(shi)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量乘以(yi)對應費率單價得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)應付金(jin)額(e)與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)付費金(jin)額(e)相(xiang)比較(jiao)，以(yi)確定(ding)(ding)金(jin)額(e)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。(6)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)與標(biao)準時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)儀同時(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)錄其指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，其差(cha)(cha)(cha)值即為(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)示(shi)(shi)(shi)值誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。

        其(qi)中，檢定過程中充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)工作誤(wu)(wu)差限中，在最小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流與(yu)最大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流之間，功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)取(qu)值(zhi)為(wei)1；而溫度(du)系數(shu)中，功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)的(de)(de)取(qu)值(zhi)規定不(bu)小(xiao)于0.9；付費金額誤(wu)(wu)差與(yu)時(shi)鐘示值(zhi)誤(wu)(wu)差相互(hu)聯系；充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)差和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流偏(pian)差與(yu)實際的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量有(you)直接(jie)關系；交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁必須(xu)帶有(you)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)功(gong)能(neng)；檢定合格的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁必須(xu)在其(qi)內部使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)或計(ji)量模(mo)塊位置加以封印，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)檢定周(zhou)期通常為(wei)一年。

        從大方向來考慮，交流(liu)充電樁(zhuang)與直流(liu)充電機的檢定(ding)(ding)有(you)諸多相通(tong)之處，但充電樁(zhuang)在檢定(ding)(ding)和使用(yong)中都要注(zhu)意(yi)恒功率(lv)(lv)區域(yu)問(wen)題(ti)。如圖(tu)1所示，A、C區域(yu)為低(di)電流(liu)情況，充電效率(lv)(lv)低(di)，容易炸機；B區域(yu)為恒功率(lv)(lv)區域(yu)，適合檢定(ding)(ding)。

        東北處于高寒地區,有(you)(you)長(chang)達3個月以上的冬季,溫度范(fan)圍變化(hua)較大,低(di)(di)溫對電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件(電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)容、芯片等)有(you)(you)較高的要求。電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件都有(you)(you)其(qi)溫度系(xi)數，超出其(qi)工作溫度時(shi)，會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)漂(piao)移現象，直接影響(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)準確度和使用(yong)壽命(ming)，甚至會(hui)(hui)導致其(qi)無法正(zheng)常(chang)工作。而且在低(di)(di)溫情況下，電(dian)池的極(ji)化(hua)現象凸顯，放電(dian)電(dian)壓降(jiang)低(di)(di)、放電(dian)不完全(quan)，都會(hui)(hui)影響(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)計量(liang)性能，在計量(liang)檢定的過程中要注意這(zhe)些因素的影響(xiang)(xiang)。

        東北的公共交通設施大部分(fen)(fen)為(wei)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車，充電(dian)方式采用(yong)(yong)的是(shi)直流方式，利用(yong)(yong)計(ji)量手段(duan)分(fen)(fen)析其(qi)不同季(ji)節(jie)電(dian)能(neng)的利用(yong)(yong)效率、電(dian)池使(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程中的能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)以(yi)及其(qi)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命，對公交部門(men)的能(neng)耗分(fen)(fen)析、成本控制有著重(zhong)要的作用(yong)(yong)。